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Nazism, National Socialism (disambiguation) (German language: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the totalitarianism ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. It also refers to the policies adopted by the government of Germany from 1933 to 1945, a period in German history known as Nazi Germany or the "Third Reich".{{cite web]|id=|pages=|page=|date=|accessdate=|language=English|quote= -->

On January 5, 1919, the party was founded as the German Workers' Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler along with six other members. "Nazi Party - Encyclopædia Britannica" (overview), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006, Britannica.com webpage: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055111/Nazi-Party Britannica-NaziParty. "February 24, 1920: Nazi Party Established" (history), [Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 2004, webpage: http://yad-vashem.org.il/about_holocaust/chronology/before_1933/chronology_before_1933_8.html YV-Party. Hitler, a corporal, was sent to investigate the party by German intelligence and was invited to join after impressing them with his speaking ability after getting into an argument with party members. Hitler later accepted the invitation and joined the party in September 1919, "Australian Memories Of The Holocaust" (history), Glossary, definition of "Nazi" (party), N.S.W. Board of Jewish Education, [New South Wales, [Australia, webpage: http://www.holocaust.com.au/glossary.htm HolocaustComAu-Glossary. and he became Nazi propaganda boss. The party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party on April 1, 1920, against Hitler's choice of Social Revolutionary Party. "The History Place - Hitler Youth" (history), The History Place, 1999, webpage: http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/hitleryouth/hj-timeline.htm HPlace-HitlerYouth. ''"Kriegsverbrechen der alliierten Siegermächte"'' ("war crimes of allied powers"), Pit Pietersen, ISBN 3-8334-5045-2, 2006, page 151, webpage: http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22September+1919+bei+und+war+zun%C3%A4chst%22&as_brr=0 GoogleBooks-Pietersen: describes Hitler as "Propagandachef" and becoming chairman on July 29, 1921. Hitler ousted Drexler and became the party leader on July 29, 1921.

Nazism was not a precise, theoretically grounded ideology, or a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of various ideologies and groups, centered around anger at the Treaty of Versailles and what was considered to have been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy to humiliate Germany at the end of the First World War. It therefore consisted of a loose collection of positions focused on those held to blame for Germany's defeat and weakness: anti-parliamentarism, ethnic nationalism, Nazism and race, collectivism,Peter Davies and Dereck Lynch. Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge 2003. p.103;Friedrich A. Hayek. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Routledge Press. Nazi eugenics, antisemitism, opposition to economic liberalism and political liberalism,Calvin B. Hoover, "The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World", The American Economic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (Mar., 1935), pp. 13-20; Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168;Friedrich A. Hayek. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Routledge Press. a racially-defined and conspiratorial view of finance capitalism,Frank Bealey & others. Elements of Political Science. Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 202 and anti-communism. As Nazism became dominant in Germany, especially after 1933, it was defined in practice as whatever was decreed by the Nazi Party and in particular by the Führer, Adolf Hitler.

Terminology The term Nazi is derived from the first two syllables, as pronounced in German language, of the official name of the National Socialist German Workers Party (known colloquially, and especially to detractors as the "Nazi Party"). The full German title of the party is "Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei". Party members rarely referred to themselves as Nazis, and instead used the correct and official term, Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists). Nazi was a pejorative term used by opponents of the movement, especially in southern Germany, and mirrors the term Sozi, a common and slightly derogatory term for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), the Nazis' main opponents before obtaining power. When Hitler took power, the use of Nazi almost disappeared from Germany, although it was still used by opponents in Austria.

Historical background National Socialist philosophy came together at a critical time for Germany; the nation had not only lost World War I in 1918, but had also been forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an intentionally devastating capitulation, and was in the midst of a period of great economic depression and instability. The Dolchstosslegende, or "stab in the back" described by the National Socialists held that the war effort was sabotaged internally, in large part by Germany's Jewry, suggesting a "lack of patriotism" had led to Germany's defeat (for one, the front line was off of German soil at the time of the armistice). In politics, criticism was directed at the Social Democrats and also the Weimar Republic (Deutsches Reich 1919-1933), which had been Dolchstosslegende the country. The Dolchstosslegende led many to look at "non-Germans" living in Germany for potential extra-national loyalties, like the Jews, raising antisemitic sentiments, regarding the Judenfrage (German for the "Jewish Question"), at a time when the völkisch movement and a desire to create a Greater Germany were strong.

Although Hitler had joined the worker's party in September 1919, and published Mein Kampf in 1925 to 1926 about the Aryan race "master race" ("Herrenvolk"), the seminal ideas of National Socialism have their roots in groups and individuals of decades past. These include the Völkisch movement and its occult counterpart, Ariosophy. Among the various ariosophic lodge-like groups, only the Thule Society can be related directly to the origins of the Nazi party. This, and other possbile connections between Nazism and the Occult are detailed in the article Nazi occultism.

Nazism is a modern term referring to the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers Party and its Weltanschauung, which permeated German society, and to some degree European and American society, during its years as the German government (1933 to 1945). Free elections in 1932 under Germany's Weimar Republic made the NSDAP the largest parliamentary faction; no similar party in any country at that time had achieved comparable electoral success. Adolf Hitler's January 30 1933, appointment to the Chancellor of Germany and his subsequent consolidation of dictatorial power, marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. During its first year in power, the NSDAP announced the Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand Years' Empire") or Drittes Reich ("Third Reich", a putative successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire). The National Socialist regime in Germany ended with World War II (1945), when the party was declared a criminal organisation by the victorious Allies of World War II and effectively destroyed.

Since 1945, Nazism has been outlawed as a political ideology in Germany, as are forms of iconography and propaganda from the Nazi era. Nevertheless, "Neo-Nazism" continue to operate in Germany and abroad. Following World War II and the Holocaust, the term "Nazi" and symbols associated with Nazism (such as the swastika) acquired extremely negative connotations in Europe and North America. Calling someone a "Nazi" or suggesting ties to Nazism is considered an insult. "UPDATE: The National Review labels Joschka Fischer as Nazi Propaganda Minister" (news), ''Atlantic Review'' (online), July 2006, AtlanticReview.org webpage: http://atlanticreview.org/archives/347-UPDATE-The-National-Review-labels-Joschka-Fischer-as-Nazi-Propaganda-Minister.html AR-Call-Nazi: states, "Are you aware that calling someone a Nazi is extremely offensive in Germany?" (quote). Many have compared opponents with Nazis to put their opponents in a negative light: a fallacy called "reductio ad Hitlerum."

Ideology Nazism has come to stand for a belief in the superiority of an Aryan race, an abstraction of the Germanic peoples. During the time of Hitler, the Nazis advocated a strong, centralized government under the Führer and claimed to defend Germany and the German people (including those of German ethnicity abroad) against Communism and so-called Jewish subversion. Ultimately, the Nazis sought to create a largely homogeneous and autarchy ethnic state, absorbing the ideas of Pan-Germanism.

Historians often disagree on the principal interests of the Nazi Party and whether Nazism can be considered a coherent ideology. The original National Socialists claimed that there would be no program that would bind them, and that they wanted to reject any established world view. Still, as Hitler played a major role in the development of the Nazi Party from its early stages and rose to become the movement's indisputable iconographic figurehead, much of what is thought to be "Nazism" is in line with Hitler's political beliefs - the ideology and the man continue to remain largely interchangeable in the public eye. Some dispute whether Hitler's views relate directly to those surrounding the movement; the problem is furthered by the inability of various self-proclaimed Nazis and Nazi groups to decide on a universal ideology. But if Nazism is the world view promulgated in Mein Kampf, that world view is consistent and coherent, being characterized essentially by a conception of history as a "race struggle"; the Führerprinzip; anti-Semitism; the stigmatization of "Judeo-bolshevism" and the need to acquire a Lebensraum at the expenses of the Soviet Union Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Profile in Power, (London, 1991, rev. 2001), first chapter . The core concept of Nazism is that the German Volk is under attack, and must become united, disciplined and self sacrificing (must submit to Nazi leadership) in order to win against this nefarious "Jewish plot" to subjugate the German nation.

Fascism In both popular thought and academic scholarship, Nazism is generally considered a form of fascism - a term whose definition is itself contentious. The debate focuses mainly on comparisons of fascist movements in general with the Italian prototype, including the fascists in Germany. The idea mentioned above to reject all former ideas and ideologies like democracy, liberalism, and especially marxism (as in Ernst NolteErnst Nolte, Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche, München 1963, ISBN 3-492-02448-3 ) make it difficult to track down a perfect definition of these two terms; however, Italian Fascists tended to believe that all elements in society should be unified through corporatism to form an "Organic State"; this meant that these Fascists often had no strong opinion on the question of race, since it was only the state and nation that mattered.

German Nazism, on the other hand, emphasized the Aryan race or "Volk" principle to the point where the state simply seemed a means through which the Aryan race could realize its "true destiny." Since a debate among historians (especially Zeev Sternhell) to see each movement, or at least the German, as unique, the issue has been settled in most parts showing that there is a stronger family resemblance between the Italian and the German fascist movement than there is between democracies in Europe or the communist states of the Cold War;cf. Roger Griffin, The Blackwell Dictionary of Social Thought, in Griffin, International Fascism, 35f., and Anthony Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, London 2004, p.218, and Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, University of Wisconsin Press 1995, p. 14 additionally, the crimes of the fascist movement can be compared, not only in numbers of casualties, but also in common developments: the March on Rome of Mussolini to Hitler's response shortly after to attempt a coup d'etat himself in Munich.

Also, Aryanism was not an attractive idea for Italians who were a non-Nordic race, but still there was a strong racism and also genocide in concentration camps long before either was in place in Germany.Enzo Collotti, Race Law in Italy, in: Christoph Dipper et.al., Faschismus und Faschismen im Vergleich, Vierow 1998. ISBN 3-89498-045-1 The philosophy that had seemed to be separating both fascisms was shown to be a result of happening in two different countries: since the king of Italy had not died, unlike the Reichspräsident, the leader in Italy (Duce) was not able to gain the absolute power the leader in Germany (Führer) did, leading to Mussolini's fall. The academic challenge to separate all fascist movements has since the 1980s and early 1990s been ground for a new attempt to see even more similarities.

Nazi theory Hitler's political beliefs were formulated in Mein Kampf (My Struggle, 1925). His views were composed of three main axes: a conception of history as a "race struggle" influenced by social darwinism; antisemitism and the idea that Germany needed to conquer a "Lebensraum" ("living space") from Russia. His antisemitism, coupled with his anti-Communism, gave the grounds of his conspiracy theory of "judeo-bolshevism. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Profile in Power, first chapter "The power of the idea" (London, 1991, rev. 2001) " Hitler first began to develop his views through observations he made while living in Vienna from 1907 to 1913. He concluded that a racial, religious, and cultural hierarchy existed, and he placed "Aryans" at the top as the ultimate superior race, while Jews and "Roma people" were people at the bottom. He vaguely examined and questioned the policies of the Austria-Hungary, where as a citizen by birth, Hitler lived during the Empire's last throes of life. He believed that its ethnic and linguistics diversity had weakened the Empire and helped to create dissension. Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing force because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities who, he claimed, "weakened and destabilized" the Empire by dividing it against itself. Hitler's political beliefs were then affected by World War I and the 1917 October Revolution, and saw some modifications between 1920 and 1923. He then definitively formulated them in Mein Kampf. Ian Kershaw, 1991, chapter I

Nationalism Hitler founded The Nazi state upon a racially defined "German people" and principally rejected the idea of its being bound by the limits of nationalism;called "transnational" Michael Mann, see references that was only a means for attempting unlimited supremacy. In that sense, its nationalism and hyper-nationalism was tolerated to reach a world-dominating Germanic-Aryan Volksgemeinschaft. This idea is a central concept of Mein Kampf, symbolized by the motto Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (one people, one empire, one leader). The Nazi relationship between the Volk and the state was called the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"), a late nineteenth or early twentieth century neologism that defined a communal duty of citizens in service to the Reich (opposed to a simple "society"). The term "National Socialism" derives from this citizen-nation relationship, whereby the term socialism is invoked and is meant to be realized through the common duty of the individuals to the German people; all actions are to be in service of the Reich. In practice, the Nazis argued, their goal was to bring forth a nation-state as the locus and embodiment of the people's collective will, bound by the Volksgemeinschaft as both an ideal and an operating instrument. In comparison, non-national socialist ideologies oppose the idea of nations.

Militarism Nazi rationale invested heavily in the Militarism belief that great nations grow from military power and maintained order, which in turn grow "naturally" from "rational, civilized cultures". The Nazi Party appealed to German nationalists and national pride, capitalizing on irredentism and revanchism sentiments as well as aversions to various aspects of modernism thinking (although at the same time embracing other modernist ideas, such as admiration for engine power). Many ethnic Germans felt deeply committed to the goal of creating the Greater Germany (the old dream to include German-speaking Austria), which some believe required the use of military force to achieve.

Racism and discrimination The Nazi racial philosophy was influenced by the works of Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, and Madison Grant, and wholly embraced Alfred Rosenberg's Aryan Invasion Theory. The theory traced Aryan peoples in ancient Iran invading the Indus Valley Civilization, and carrying with them great knowledge and science that had been preserved from the antediluvian world. This "antediluvian world" referred to Thule, the speculative pre-Flood/Ice Age origin of the Aryan race, and is often tied to ideas of Atlantis. Most of the leadership and the founders of the Nazi Party were made up of members of the "Thule-Gesellschaft (the Thule Society)", which romanticized the Aryan race through theology and ritual.

Hitler also claimed that a nation was the highest creation of a "race", and "great nations" (literally large nations) were the creation of homogeneous populations of "great races", working together. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from "races" with "natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits". The "weakest nations", Hitler said, were those of "impure" or "mongrel races", because they had divided, quarreling, and therefore weak cultures. Worst of all were seen to be the parasitic "Untermensch" (Subhumans), mainly Jews, but also Gypsies and Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled and so called anti-socials, all of whom were considered "lebensunwertes Leben" ("Life-unworthy life") owing to their perceived deficiency and inferiority, as well as their wandering, nationless invasions ("the International Jew"). The History of Gays during the Holocaust as part of the Holocaust has seen increasing scholarly attention since the 1990s, even though many homosexuals served in the Sturmabteilungen.

According to Nazism, it is an obvious mistake to permit or encourage plurality within a nation. Fundamental to the Nazi goal was the unification of all Germanic tribe, "unjustly" divided into different Nation States. The Nazis tried to recruit Dutch people and Scandinavian men into the SS, considering them of superior "Germanic" stock, with only limited success.

Hitler claimed that nations that could not defend their territory did not deserve it. He thought "slave races", like the Slavic peoples, to be less worthy to exist than "Master race". In particular, if a master race should require room to live ("Lebensraum"), he thought such a race should have the right to displace the inferior Indigenous peoples.

"Races without homelands", Hitler proclaimed, were "parasitic races", and the richer the members of a parasitic race were, the more virulent the parasitism was thought to be. A master race could therefore, according to the Nazi doctrine, easily strengthen itself by eliminating parasitic races from its homeland. This idea was the given rationalization for the Nazis' later oppression and elimination of Jews, Roma (people), Czechs, Poles, the mentally and physically handicapped, homosexuals and others not belonging to these groups or categories that were part of the Holocaust. The Waffen-SS and other German soldiers (including parts of the Wehrmacht), as well as civilian paramilitary groups in occupied territories, were responsible for the deaths of an estimated eleven million men, women, and children in concentration camps, prisoner-of-war camps, labor camps, and death camps such as Auschwitz concentration camp and Treblinka extermination camp.

Eugenics The belief in the need to purify the German race led them to eugenics; this effort culminated in the Euthanasia#Euthanasia by consent of disabled people and the compulsory sterilization of people with mental deficiencies or illnesses perceived as hereditary. Adolf Hitler considered Sparta to be the first "Völkisch State," and praised its early eugenics treatment of deformed children.{{cite book | title = [Hitler's Secret Book | year = 1961 | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | language = English | isbn = 0394620038 | oclc = 9830111 | pages = pp. 8-9, 17-18 | quote =Sparta must be regarded as the first Völkisch State. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction, was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject. -->{{cite book | author = Mike Hawkins | title = Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945: nature as model and nature as threat | year = 1997 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | language = English | isbn = 052157434X | oclc = 34705047 | pages = pp. 276 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&pg=PA276&dq=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book+sparta&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=q5g40V7M6bHFNX8pm4ZD65FxH6s#PPA276,M1 | quote = -->

Antisemitism According to Nazi propaganda, the Jews thrived on fomenting division amongst Germans and amongst states. Nazi antisemitism was primarily racial: "the Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity of blood, the conscious destroyer of our race;" however, the Jews were also described as plutocrats exploiting the worker: "As socialists we are opponents of the Jews because we see in the Hebrews the incarnation of capitalism, of the misuse of the nation's goods."Joseph Goebbels and Mjölnir, Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler (English: Those Damned Nazis). Etwas zum Nachdenken (Munich: Verlag Frz. Eher, 1932).

Homosexuality An estimated 100,000 homosexuals were arrested after Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. Of those, 50,000 were suspected to be incarcerated in concentration camps, making for 5,000 to 15,000 deaths. According to Harry Oosterhuis, the Nazis' view towards homosexuality was ambiguous at least, with homosexuality common in the Sturmabteilung.Joachim C. Fest. Hitler, Harvest Books, Book 5 Chapter 3 Thus, the eventual arrests of homosexuals should not be viewed in the context of "race hygiene" or eugenics. Völkisch-nationalist youth movements attracted homosexuals because of the preaching of Männerbund (male bonding); in practice, Oosterhuis says, this meant that the persecution of homosexuals was more politically motivated than anything else. For example, the homosexuality of Ernst Röhm was well known at the time and basis for satire and jokes. Röhm was killed chiefly because he was perceived as a political threat, not for his sexuality.

Religion Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine, underpinned by his criticism of traditional Roman Catholic Church. In particular, and closely related to Positive Christianity, Hitler objected to Catholicism's ungrounded and international character — that is, it did not pertain to an exclusive race and national culture. At the same time, and somewhat contradictorily, the Nazis combined elements of Germany's Lutheranism community tradition with its northern European, Organic (model) paganism past. Elements of militarism found their way into Hitler's own theology; he preached that his was a "true" or "master" religion, because it would "create mastery" and avoid comforting lies. Those who preached love and tolerance, "in contravention to the facts", were said to be "slave" or "false" religions. The man who recognized these "truths", Hitler continued, was said to be a "natural leader", and those who denied it were said to be "natural slaves". "Slaves" — especially intelligent ones, he claimed — were always attempting to hinder their masters by promoting false religious and political doctrines.

Anti-clericalism can also be interpreted as part of Nazi ideology, simply because the new Nazi hierarchy did not allow itself to be overridden by the power that the Church traditionally held. In Austria, clerics had a powerful role in politics and ultimately responded to the Holy See. Although a few exceptions exist, Persecution of Christians was primarily limited to those who refused to accommodate the new regime and yield to its power. The Nazis often used the church to justify their stance and included many Christian symbols in the Third Reich Steigmann–Gall. A particularly poignant exemplar is the seen in the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

Volkism was inherently hostile toward atheism: freethinkers clashed frequently with Nazis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. On taking power, Hitler banned freethought organizations and launched an “anti-godless” movement. In a 1933 speech he declared: “We have . . . undertaken the fight against the atheistic movement, and that not merely with a few theoretical declarations: we have stamped it out.” This forthright hostility was far more straightforward than the Nazis’ complex, often contradictory stance toward traditional Christian faith. The Great Scandal: Christianity's Role in the Rise of the Nazis

The prevailing scholarly view

According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestantism churchman, published a compendium of Martin Luther's writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On November 10, 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Büttner (ed), Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666-667.

Anti-capitalism Nazi thinking had an anticapitalist (and especially anti-finance capitalist) direction.Francis R. Nicosia. Business and Industry in Nazi Germany, Berghan Books, p. 43 The "National Socialist Program" of the Nazi Party from 1920 listed several economic demands. Included in these demands were, "that the State shall make it its primary duty to provide a livelihood for its citizens," "the abolition of all incomes unearned by work," the ruthless confiscation of all war profits," "the nationalization of all businesses which have been formed into corporations," "profit-sharing in large enterprises," "extensive development of insurance for old-age," "land reform suitable to our national requirements," and to achieve this and other aims, "the creation of a strong central state power for the Reich."Lee, Stephen J. (1996), Weimar and Nazi Germany, Harcourt Heinemann, page 28 Nevertheless, the degree to which the Nazis supported this programme in later years has been questioned. Several attempts were made in the 1920s to change some of the program or replace it entirely. For instance, in 1924, Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point program that kept some of the old planks, replaced others and added many completely new ones.Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", Oxford University Press, 1985. p.62 Hitler refused to allow any discussion of the party programme after 1925, ostensibly on the grounds that no discussion was necessary because the programme was "inviolable" and did not need any changes. Hitler did not mention any of the planks of the programme in his book, Mein Kampf, and only talked about it in passing as "the so-called programme of the movement".Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", Oxford University Press, 1985. p.77

Party spokesman Joseph Goebbels insisted in 1932 that the NSDAP was a "workers' party" and "on the side of labor and against finance".Joseph Goebbels and Mjölnir, Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler. Etwas zum Nachdenken (Munich: Verlag Frz. Eher, 1932) Hitler said of the Nazis: "We are socialists, we are enemies of today's capitalistic economic system for the exploitation of the economically weak, with its unfair salaries, with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance";Hitler's speech on May 1, 1927. Cited in Toland, J. (1976) Adolf Hitler Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday Speech. May 1, 1927. p. 306 however, he was clear to point out that Nazism "has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism," saying that "Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not."Francis Ludwig Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (University of California Press, 1982), 137. Hitler quote from Sunday Express. He further said that "I absolutely insist on protecting private property... we must encourage private initiative".A private statement made by Hitler on March 24, 1942. Cited in "Hitler's Secret Conversations", trans.Norman Cameron and R.H. Stevens (Farrar, Straus and Young, Inc. 1953), 294. Nevertheless, he wanted property to be regulated to make sure "benefit to the community precedes benefit to the individual".Richard Allen Epstein, Principles for a Free Society: Reconciling Individual Liberty With the Common Good, (De Capo Press 2002), 168. Attacks were made on what Hitler called "pluto-democracy," which was claimed to be a conspiracy by Jews to favor democratic parties in order to keep capitalism intact.Frank Bealey & others. Elements of Political Science (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 202

Other roots The ideological roots that became German National Socialism were based on numerous sources in European history, drawing especially from Romanticism nineteenth century idealism, and from a biological reading of Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on "breeding upwards" toward the goal of an Übermensch (Superhuman). Hitler was an avid reader and received ideas that later influenced Nazism from traceable publications, such as those of the Germanenorden or the Thule society. He also adopted many populist ideas such as limiting profits, abolishing rents and generously increasing social benefits—but only for Germans.

Inferiority complex The Nordic Myth has often been attributed to the reaction to an inferiority complex. Phillip Wayne Powell, in is book, Tree of Hate (1985), claimed that the Nordic Myth began to arise in fifteenth century Germany, when Germans resented the fact that Italians looked down on them as an inferior and unsophisticated people. On page 48, he states:

"In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, a powerful surge of German patriotism was stimulated by the disdain of Italians for German cultural inferiority and barbarism, which lead to a counterattempt by German humanists to laud German qualities."

Fodor, M. W. claimed in "The Nation" (1936):"No race has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the Germany. National Socialism was a kind of Coué method of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority".

Variants Nazism as a doctrine is far from wiktionary:Homogeneous and can indeed be divided into various sub-ideologies. During the 1920s and 1930s, there were two dominant NSDAP factions. There were the followers of Otto Strasser, the so-called Strasserites and the followers of Adolf Hitler or what could be termed Hitlerites. The Strasserism faction eventually fell afoul of Hitler, when Otto Strasser was expelled from the party in 1930, and his attempt to create an oppositional 'left-block' in the form of the Black Front failed. The remainder of the faction, which was to be found mainly in the ranks of the SA, was purged in the Night of the Long Knives, which also saw the murder of Gregor Strasser, Otto's brother. Afterwards, the Hitlerite faction became dominant. In the post war era, Strasserism has enjoyed something of a revival with many neo-Nazi groups openly proclaiming themselves to be 'Strasserite'. Whether they genuinely eschew Hitlerism in favour of Strasserism, or whether they simply think that by distancing Nazism from Hitler they can somehow make the ideology more acceptable is a matter of debate.

Hitler's theories were not only attractive to Germans: people in positions of wealth and power in other nations are said to have seen them as beneficial. Examples are Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and Eugene Schueller, founder of L'Oréal. Nevertheless, the support for these theories was highest among the general population of Germany.

Key elements of the Nazi ideology Other new elements

Romanticism According to Bertrand Russell, Nazism would come from a different tradition than that of either Liberalism or Marxism. Thus, to understand values of Nazism, it would be necessary to explore this connection, without trivializing the movement as it was in its peak years in the 1930s and dismissing it as little more than racism.

Antisemitism was shown to be a handy tool for Nazis to gain support, mainly because of the popular Houston Stewart Chamberlain.Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism,, Madison:UP Wisconsin, 1995, p.14f. Personal accounts by August Kubizek, Hitler's childhood friend, have varied, offering ambiguous claims that antisemitism did and did not date back to Hitler's youth.Peter Levenda, Unholy Alliance: A History of the Nazi Involvement With the Occult, 2002 2nd edition ISBN 0-8264-1409-5 One reason is the higher Jewish community in Austria and Germany because Germany had been a haven for many Jews over the years, including influential families such as the Rothschilds, although World War I and the Dolchstosslegende ended that legacy. Anti-Judaism had already been widely transformed into antisemitism before 1914 because of the new Europe-wide post-Darwin theory of racism. Historians universally accept that Nazism's mass acceptance depended upon nationalistic appeals and fear against "unnormal people" (which also could include xenophobia and antisemitism) and a patriotic flattery toward the wounded collective pride of defeated World War I veterans. Early support for the Nazis, displayed in various parades, came from the old conservative order that was the military.

Many see strong connections to the values of Nazism and the anti-rationalist tradition of the romantic movement of the early nineteenth century in response to the Age of Enlightenment. Strength, passion, frank declarations of feelings, and deep devotion to family and community were valued by the Nazis though first expressed by many Romantic artists, musicians, and writers. German romanticism in particular expressed these values. For instance, Hitler identified closely with the music of Richard Wagner, who harbored antisemitic views as the author of Das Judenthum in der Musik. Some claim that he was one of Hitler's role models, a comment of Kubizek's that is also disputed.

The idealization of tradition, folklore, classical thought, leadership (as exemplified by Frederick the Great), their rejection of the liberalism of the Weimar Republic, and calling the German state the "Third Reich" (which traces back to the medieval First Reich and the pre-Weimar Second Reich) has led many to regard the Nazis as reactionary.

Mysticism emblemNazi occultism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism that denotes the combination of Nazism with Germanic mysticism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. The esoteric Thule Society and Germanenorden were secret societies that, while only a small part of the völkisch movement, led into the Nazi party.

Dietrich Eckart, a member of Thule Society, actually coached Hitler on his public speaking skills, and while Hitler has not been shown to have been a member of Thule, he received support from the group. Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to Eckart.

Himmler showed a strong interest in such matters, although as Steigmann–Gall points out, Hitler and many of his key associates attended Christian services.

Ideological competition Nazism and communism emerged as two serious contenders for power in Germany after the First World War, particularly as the Weimar Republic became increasingly unstable. What became the Nazi movement arose out of resistance to the Bolshevik-inspired insurgencies that occurred in Germany in the aftermath of the First World War. The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused a great deal of excitement and interest in the Leninist version of Marxism and caused many socialists to adopt revolutionary principles. The Spartacist uprising in Berlin and the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919 were both manifestations of this. The Freikorps, a loosely organized paramilitary group (essentially a militia of former World War I soldiers) was used to crush both these uprisings and many leaders of the Freikorps, including Ernst Röhm, later became leaders in the Nazi Party. After Mussolini's fascists took power in Italy in 1922, fascism presented itself as a realistic option for opposing communism, particularly given Mussolini's success in crushing the communist and anarchist movements that had destabilized Italy with a wave of strikes and factory occupations after the First World War. Fascist parties formed in numerous European countries.

Many historians, such as Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest, argue that Hitler's Nazis were one of numerous nationalist and increasingly fascistic groups that existed in Germany and contended for leadership of the anti-communist movement and, eventually, of the German state. Further, they assert that fascism and its German variant, National Socialism, became the successful challengers to communism because they were able to both appeal to the establishment as a bulwark against Bolshevism and appeal to the working class base, particularly the growing underclass of unemployed and unemployable and growingly impoverished middle class elements who were becoming declassed (denounced as the lumpenproletariat). The Nazis' use of pro-labor rhetoric appealed to those disaffected with capitalism by promoting the limiting of profits, the abolishing of rents and the increasing of social benefits (only for Germans) while simultaneously presenting a political and economic model that divested "Soviet socialism" of elements that were dangerous to capitalism, such as the concept of class struggle, "the dictatorship of the proletariat" or worker control of the means of production. Thus, Nazism's populism, anti-communism and anti-capitalism helped it become more powerful and popular than traditional Conservatism parties, like the DNVP. For the above reasons, particularly the fact that Nazis and communists fought each other (often violently) during most of their existence, nazism and communism are commonly seen as opposite extremes on the political spectrum. Nevertheless, this view is not without its challengers. Several political theorists and economists, primarily those associated with the Austrian school, argue that nazism, Soviet communism and other totalitarian ideologies share a common underpinning in socialism and collectivism.

The simplicity of Nazi rhetoric, campaigns, and ideology also made its conservative allies underestimate its strength, and its ability to govern or even to last as a political party. Michael Mann defined fascism as a "transcendent and cleansing nation statism through paramilitarism", with "transcendent" meaning that the all classes were to be abolished in order for a new, organic and pure people: all classes are abolished by transition, all "others" (an estimated two-thirds of the German population aloneHannah Arendt, Elemente der Ursprünge totalitärer Herrschaft = The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York 1952, Bern 1955).Michael Mann, Fascists, CUP 2004, p.13.

Support of anti-Communists for Fascism and Nazism Various far right-wing politicians and political parties in Europe welcomed the rise of fascism and the Nazis out of an intense aversion towards communism. According to them, Hitler was the savior of Western civilization and of capitalism against bolshevism. During the later 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis were supported by the Falange movement in Spain, and by political and military figures who would form the government of Vichy France. A Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (LVF) and other anti-Soviet fighting formations formed.

Post-1933 development The British Conservative party and the right-wing parties in France appeasement the Nazi regime in the mid- and late-1930s, even though they had begun to criticise its totalitarianism and in Britain especially, Nazi Germany's policies towards the Jews; however, Britain (from 1931 onwards under an overwhelmingly Conservative government) had appeased pre-Nazi Germany. Important reasons behind this appeasement included, first, the erroneous assumption that Hitler had no desire to precipitate another world war, and second, when the rebirth of the German military could no longer be ignored, a well-founded concern that neither Britain nor France was yet ready to fight an all-out war against Germany.

In 1936, Nazi Germany and Japan entered into the Anti-Comintern Pact, aimed directly at countering Soviet foreign policy. This alliance later became the basis for the Tripartite Pact with Italy, the fou Nazism, National Socialism (disambiguation) (German language: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the totalitarianism ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. It also refers to the policies adopted by the government of Germany from 1933 to 1945, a period in German history known as Nazi Germany or the "Third Reich".{{cite web]|id=|pages=|page=|date=|accessdate=|language=English|quote= -->

On January 5, 1919, the party was founded as the German Workers' Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler along with six other members. "Nazi Party - Encyclopædia Britannica" (overview), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006, Britannica.com webpage: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055111/Nazi-Party Britannica-NaziParty. "February 24, 1920: Nazi Party Established" (history), [Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 2004, webpage: http://yad-vashem.org.il/about_holocaust/chronology/before_1933/chronology_before_1933_8.html YV-Party. Hitler, a corporal, was sent to investigate the party by German intelligence and was invited to join after impressing them with his speaking ability after getting into an argument with party members. Hitler later accepted the invitation and joined the party in September 1919, "Australian Memories Of The Holocaust" (history), Glossary, definition of "Nazi" (party), N.S.W. Board of Jewish Education, [New South Wales, [Australia, webpage: http://www.holocaust.com.au/glossary.htm HolocaustComAu-Glossary. and he became Nazi propaganda boss. The party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party on April 1, 1920, against Hitler's choice of Social Revolutionary Party. "The History Place - Hitler Youth" (history), The History Place, 1999, webpage: http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/hitleryouth/hj-timeline.htm HPlace-HitlerYouth. ''"Kriegsverbrechen der alliierten Siegermächte"'' ("war crimes of allied powers"), Pit Pietersen, ISBN 3-8334-5045-2, 2006, page 151, webpage: http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22September+1919+bei+und+war+zun%C3%A4chst%22&as_brr=0 GoogleBooks-Pietersen: describes Hitler as "Propagandachef" and becoming chairman on July 29, 1921. Hitler ousted Drexler and became the party leader on July 29, 1921.

Nazism was not a precise, theoretically grounded ideology, or a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of various ideologies and groups, centered around anger at the Treaty of Versailles and what was considered to have been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy to humiliate Germany at the end of the First World War. It therefore consisted of a loose collection of positions focused on those held to blame for Germany's defeat and weakness: anti-parliamentarism, ethnic nationalism, Nazism and race, collectivism,Peter Davies and Dereck Lynch. Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge 2003. p.103;Friedrich A. Hayek. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Routledge Press. Nazi eugenics, antisemitism, opposition to economic liberalism and political liberalism,Calvin B. Hoover, "The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World", The American Economic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (Mar., 1935), pp. 13-20; Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168;Friedrich A. Hayek. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Routledge Press. a racially-defined and conspiratorial view of finance capitalism,Frank Bealey & others. Elements of Political Science. Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 202 and anti-communism. As Nazism became dominant in Germany, especially after 1933, it was defined in practice as whatever was decreed by the Nazi Party and in particular by the Führer, Adolf Hitler.

Terminology The term Nazi is derived from the first two syllables, as pronounced in German language, of the official name of the National Socialist German Workers Party (known colloquially, and especially to detractors as the "Nazi Party"). The full German title of the party is "Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei". Party members rarely referred to themselves as Nazis, and instead used the correct and official term, Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists). Nazi was a pejorative term used by opponents of the movement, especially in southern Germany, and mirrors the term Sozi, a common and slightly derogatory term for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), the Nazis' main opponents before obtaining power. When Hitler took power, the use of Nazi almost disappeared from Germany, although it was still used by opponents in Austria.

Historical background National Socialist philosophy came together at a critical time for Germany; the nation had not only lost World War I in 1918, but had also been forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an intentionally devastating capitulation, and was in the midst of a period of great economic depression and instability. The Dolchstosslegende, or "stab in the back" described by the National Socialists held that the war effort was sabotaged internally, in large part by Germany's Jewry, suggesting a "lack of patriotism" had led to Germany's defeat (for one, the front line was off of German soil at the time of the armistice). In politics, criticism was directed at the Social Democrats and also the Weimar Republic (Deutsches Reich 1919-1933), which had been Dolchstosslegende the country. The Dolchstosslegende led many to look at "non-Germans" living in Germany for potential extra-national loyalties, like the Jews, raising antisemitic sentiments, regarding the Judenfrage (German for the "Jewish Question"), at a time when the völkisch movement and a desire to create a Greater Germany were strong.

Although Hitler had joined the worker's party in September 1919, and published Mein Kampf in 1925 to 1926 about the Aryan race "master race" ("Herrenvolk"), the seminal ideas of National Socialism have their roots in groups and individuals of decades past. These include the Völkisch movement and its occult counterpart, Ariosophy. Among the various ariosophic lodge-like groups, only the Thule Society can be related directly to the origins of the Nazi party. This, and other possbile connections between Nazism and the Occult are detailed in the article Nazi occultism.

Nazism is a modern term referring to the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers Party and its Weltanschauung, which permeated German society, and to some degree European and American society, during its years as the German government (1933 to 1945). Free elections in 1932 under Germany's Weimar Republic made the NSDAP the largest parliamentary faction; no similar party in any country at that time had achieved comparable electoral success. Adolf Hitler's January 30 1933, appointment to the Chancellor of Germany and his subsequent consolidation of dictatorial power, marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. During its first year in power, the NSDAP announced the Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand Years' Empire") or Drittes Reich ("Third Reich", a putative successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire). The National Socialist regime in Germany ended with World War II (1945), when the party was declared a criminal organisation by the victorious Allies of World War II and effectively destroyed.

Since 1945, Nazism has been outlawed as a political ideology in Germany, as are forms of iconography and propaganda from the Nazi era. Nevertheless, "Neo-Nazism" continue to operate in Germany and abroad. Following World War II and the Holocaust, the term "Nazi" and symbols associated with Nazism (such as the swastika) acquired extremely negative connotations in Europe and North America. Calling someone a "Nazi" or suggesting ties to Nazism is considered an insult. "UPDATE: The National Review labels Joschka Fischer as Nazi Propaganda Minister" (news), ''Atlantic Review'' (online), July 2006, AtlanticReview.org webpage: http://atlanticreview.org/archives/347-UPDATE-The-National-Review-labels-Joschka-Fischer-as-Nazi-Propaganda-Minister.html AR-Call-Nazi: states, "Are you aware that calling someone a Nazi is extremely offensive in Germany?" (quote). Many have compared opponents with Nazis to put their opponents in a negative light: a fallacy called "reductio ad Hitlerum."

Ideology Nazism has come to stand for a belief in the superiority of an Aryan race, an abstraction of the Germanic peoples. During the time of Hitler, the Nazis advocated a strong, centralized government under the Führer and claimed to defend Germany and the German people (including those of German ethnicity abroad) against Communism and so-called Jewish subversion. Ultimately, the Nazis sought to create a largely homogeneous and autarchy ethnic state, absorbing the ideas of Pan-Germanism.

Historians often disagree on the principal interests of the Nazi Party and whether Nazism can be considered a coherent ideology. The original National Socialists claimed that there would be no program that would bind them, and that they wanted to reject any established world view. Still, as Hitler played a major role in the development of the Nazi Party from its early stages and rose to become the movement's indisputable iconographic figurehead, much of what is thought to be "Nazism" is in line with Hitler's political beliefs - the ideology and the man continue to remain largely interchangeable in the public eye. Some dispute whether Hitler's views relate directly to those surrounding the movement; the problem is furthered by the inability of various self-proclaimed Nazis and Nazi groups to decide on a universal ideology. But if Nazism is the world view promulgated in Mein Kampf, that world view is consistent and coherent, being characterized essentially by a conception of history as a "race struggle"; the Führerprinzip; anti-Semitism; the stigmatization of "Judeo-bolshevism" and the need to acquire a Lebensraum at the expenses of the Soviet Union Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Profile in Power, (London, 1991, rev. 2001), first chapter . The core concept of Nazism is that the German Volk is under attack, and must become united, disciplined and self sacrificing (must submit to Nazi leadership) in order to win against this nefarious "Jewish plot" to subjugate the German nation.

Fascism In both popular thought and academic scholarship, Nazism is generally considered a form of fascism - a term whose definition is itself contentious. The debate focuses mainly on comparisons of fascist movements in general with the Italian prototype, including the fascists in Germany. The idea mentioned above to reject all former ideas and ideologies like democracy, liberalism, and especially marxism (as in Ernst NolteErnst Nolte, Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche, München 1963, ISBN 3-492-02448-3 ) make it difficult to track down a perfect definition of these two terms; however, Italian Fascists tended to believe that all elements in society should be unified through corporatism to form an "Organic State"; this meant that these Fascists often had no strong opinion on the question of race, since it was only the state and nation that mattered.

German Nazism, on the other hand, emphasized the Aryan race or "Volk" principle to the point where the state simply seemed a means through which the Aryan race could realize its "true destiny." Since a debate among historians (especially Zeev Sternhell) to see each movement, or at least the German, as unique, the issue has been settled in most parts showing that there is a stronger family resemblance between the Italian and the German fascist movement than there is between democracies in Europe or the communist states of the Cold War;cf. Roger Griffin, The Blackwell Dictionary of Social Thought, in Griffin, International Fascism, 35f., and Anthony Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, London 2004, p.218, and Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, University of Wisconsin Press 1995, p. 14 additionally, the crimes of the fascist movement can be compared, not only in numbers of casualties, but also in common developments: the March on Rome of Mussolini to Hitler's response shortly after to attempt a coup d'etat himself in Munich.

Also, Aryanism was not an attractive idea for Italians who were a non-Nordic race, but still there was a strong racism and also genocide in concentration camps long before either was in place in Germany.Enzo Collotti, Race Law in Italy, in: Christoph Dipper et.al., Faschismus und Faschismen im Vergleich, Vierow 1998. ISBN 3-89498-045-1 The philosophy that had seemed to be separating both fascisms was shown to be a result of happening in two different countries: since the king of Italy had not died, unlike the Reichspräsident, the leader in Italy (Duce) was not able to gain the absolute power the leader in Germany (Führer) did, leading to Mussolini's fall. The academic challenge to separate all fascist movements has since the 1980s and early 1990s been ground for a new attempt to see even more similarities.

Nazi theory Hitler's political beliefs were formulated in Mein Kampf (My Struggle, 1925). His views were composed of three main axes: a conception of history as a "race struggle" influenced by social darwinism; antisemitism and the idea that Germany needed to conquer a "Lebensraum" ("living space") from Russia. His antisemitism, coupled with his anti-Communism, gave the grounds of his conspiracy theory of "judeo-bolshevism. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Profile in Power, first chapter "The power of the idea" (London, 1991, rev. 2001) " Hitler first began to develop his views through observations he made while living in Vienna from 1907 to 1913. He concluded that a racial, religious, and cultural hierarchy existed, and he placed "Aryans" at the top as the ultimate superior race, while Jews and "Roma people" were people at the bottom. He vaguely examined and questioned the policies of the Austria-Hungary, where as a citizen by birth, Hitler lived during the Empire's last throes of life. He believed that its ethnic and linguistics diversity had weakened the Empire and helped to create dissension. Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing force because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities who, he claimed, "weakened and destabilized" the Empire by dividing it against itself. Hitler's political beliefs were then affected by World War I and the 1917 October Revolution, and saw some modifications between 1920 and 1923. He then definitively formulated them in Mein Kampf. Ian Kershaw, 1991, chapter I

Nationalism Hitler founded The Nazi state upon a racially defined "German people" and principally rejected the idea of its being bound by the limits of nationalism;called "transnational" Michael Mann, see references that was only a means for attempting unlimited supremacy. In that sense, its nationalism and hyper-nationalism was tolerated to reach a world-dominating Germanic-Aryan Volksgemeinschaft. This idea is a central concept of Mein Kampf, symbolized by the motto Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (one people, one empire, one leader). The Nazi relationship between the Volk and the state was called the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"), a late nineteenth or early twentieth century neologism that defined a communal duty of citizens in service to the Reich (opposed to a simple "society"). The term "National Socialism" derives from this citizen-nation relationship, whereby the term socialism is invoked and is meant to be realized through the common duty of the individuals to the German people; all actions are to be in service of the Reich. In practice, the Nazis argued, their goal was to bring forth a nation-state as the locus and embodiment of the people's collective will, bound by the Volksgemeinschaft as both an ideal and an operating instrument. In comparison, non-national socialist ideologies oppose the idea of nations.

Militarism Nazi rationale invested heavily in the Militarism belief that great nations grow from military power and maintained order, which in turn grow "naturally" from "rational, civilized cultures". The Nazi Party appealed to German nationalists and national pride, capitalizing on irredentism and revanchism sentiments as well as aversions to various aspects of modernism thinking (although at the same time embracing other modernist ideas, such as admiration for engine power). Many ethnic Germans felt deeply committed to the goal of creating the Greater Germany (the old dream to include German-speaking Austria), which some believe required the use of military force to achieve.

Racism and discrimination The Nazi racial philosophy was influenced by the works of Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, and Madison Grant, and wholly embraced Alfred Rosenberg's Aryan Invasion Theory. The theory traced Aryan peoples in ancient Iran invading the Indus Valley Civilization, and carrying with them great knowledge and science that had been preserved from the antediluvian world. This "antediluvian world" referred to Thule, the speculative pre-Flood/Ice Age origin of the Aryan race, and is often tied to ideas of Atlantis. Most of the leadership and the founders of the Nazi Party were made up of members of the "Thule-Gesellschaft (the Thule Society)", which romanticized the Aryan race through theology and ritual.

Hitler also claimed that a nation was the highest creation of a "race", and "great nations" (literally large nations) were the creation of homogeneous populations of "great races", working together. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from "races" with "natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits". The "weakest nations", Hitler said, were those of "impure" or "mongrel races", because they had divided, quarreling, and therefore weak cultures. Worst of all were seen to be the parasitic "Untermensch" (Subhumans), mainly Jews, but also Gypsies and Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled and so called anti-socials, all of whom were considered "lebensunwertes Leben" ("Life-unworthy life") owing to their perceived deficiency and inferiority, as well as their wandering, nationless invasions ("the International Jew"). The History of Gays during the Holocaust as part of the Holocaust has seen increasing scholarly attention since the 1990s, even though many homosexuals served in the Sturmabteilungen.

According to Nazism, it is an obvious mistake to permit or encourage plurality within a nation. Fundamental to the Nazi goal was the unification of all Germanic tribe, "unjustly" divided into different Nation States. The Nazis tried to recruit Dutch people and Scandinavian men into the SS, considering them of superior "Germanic" stock, with only limited success.

Hitler claimed that nations that could not defend their territory did not deserve it. He thought "slave races", like the Slavic peoples, to be less worthy to exist than "Master race". In particular, if a master race should require room to live ("Lebensraum"), he thought such a race should have the right to displace the inferior Indigenous peoples.

"Races without homelands", Hitler proclaimed, were "parasitic races", and the richer the members of a parasitic race were, the more virulent the parasitism was thought to be. A master race could therefore, according to the Nazi doctrine, easily strengthen itself by eliminating parasitic races from its homeland. This idea was the given rationalization for the Nazis' later oppression and elimination of Jews, Roma (people), Czechs, Poles, the mentally and physically handicapped, homosexuals and others not belonging to these groups or categories that were part of the Holocaust. The Waffen-SS and other German soldiers (including parts of the Wehrmacht), as well as civilian paramilitary groups in occupied territories, were responsible for the deaths of an estimated eleven million men, women, and children in concentration camps, prisoner-of-war camps, labor camps, and death camps such as Auschwitz concentration camp and Treblinka extermination camp.

Eugenics The belief in the need to purify the German race led them to eugenics; this effort culminated in the Euthanasia#Euthanasia by consent of disabled people and the compulsory sterilization of people with mental deficiencies or illnesses perceived as hereditary. Adolf Hitler considered Sparta to be the first "Völkisch State," and praised its early eugenics treatment of deformed children.{{cite book | title = [Hitler's Secret Book | year = 1961 | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | language = English | isbn = 0394620038 | oclc = 9830111 | pages = pp. 8-9, 17-18 | quote =Sparta must be regarded as the first Völkisch State. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction, was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject. -->{{cite book | author = Mike Hawkins | title = Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945: nature as model and nature as threat | year = 1997 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | language = English | isbn = 052157434X | oclc = 34705047 | pages = pp. 276 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&pg=PA276&dq=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book+sparta&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=q5g40V7M6bHFNX8pm4ZD65FxH6s#PPA276,M1 | quote = -->

Antisemitism According to Nazi propaganda, the Jews thrived on fomenting division amongst Germans and amongst states. Nazi antisemitism was primarily racial: "the Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity of blood, the conscious destroyer of our race;" however, the Jews were also described as plutocrats exploiting the worker: "As socialists we are opponents of the Jews because we see in the Hebrews the incarnation of capitalism, of the misuse of the nation's goods."Joseph Goebbels and Mjölnir, Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler (English: Those Damned Nazis). Etwas zum Nachdenken (Munich: Verlag Frz. Eher, 1932).

Homosexuality An estimated 100,000 homosexuals were arrested after Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. Of those, 50,000 were suspected to be incarcerated in concentration camps, making for 5,000 to 15,000 deaths. According to Harry Oosterhuis, the Nazis' view towards homosexuality was ambiguous at least, with homosexuality common in the Sturmabteilung.Joachim C. Fest. Hitler, Harvest Books, Book 5 Chapter 3 Thus, the eventual arrests of homosexuals should not be viewed in the context of "race hygiene" or eugenics. Völkisch-nationalist youth movements attracted homosexuals because of the preaching of Männerbund (male bonding); in practice, Oosterhuis says, this meant that the persecution of homosexuals was more politically motivated than anything else. For example, the homosexuality of Ernst Röhm was well known at the time and basis for satire and jokes. Röhm was killed chiefly because he was perceived as a political threat, not for his sexuality.

Religion Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine, underpinned by his criticism of traditional Roman Catholic Church. In particular, and closely related to Positive Christianity, Hitler objected to Catholicism's ungrounded and international character — that is, it did not pertain to an exclusive race and national culture. At the same time, and somewhat contradictorily, the Nazis combined elements of Germany's Lutheranism community tradition with its northern European, Organic (model) paganism past. Elements of militarism found their way into Hitler's own theology; he preached that his was a "true" or "master" religion, because it would "create mastery" and avoid comforting lies. Those who preached love and tolerance, "in contravention to the facts", were said to be "slave" or "false" religions. The man who recognized these "truths", Hitler continued, was said to be a "natural leader", and those who denied it were said to be "natural slaves". "Slaves" — especially intelligent ones, he claimed — were always attempting to hinder their masters by promoting false religious and political doctrines.

Anti-clericalism can also be interpreted as part of Nazi ideology, simply because the new Nazi hierarchy did not allow itself to be overridden by the power that the Church traditionally held. In Austria, clerics had a powerful role in politics and ultimately responded to the Holy See. Although a few exceptions exist, Persecution of Christians was primarily limited to those who refused to accommodate the new regime and yield to its power. The Nazis often used the church to justify their stance and included many Christian symbols in the Third Reich Steigmann–Gall. A particularly poignant exemplar is the seen in the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

Volkism was inherently hostile toward atheism: freethinkers clashed frequently with Nazis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. On taking power, Hitler banned freethought organizations and launched an “anti-godless” movement. In a 1933 speech he declared: “We have . . . undertaken the fight against the atheistic movement, and that not merely with a few theoretical declarations: we have stamped it out.” This forthright hostility was far more straightforward than the Nazis’ complex, often contradictory stance toward traditional Christian faith. The Great Scandal: Christianity's Role in the Rise of the Nazis

The prevailing scholarly view

According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestantism churchman, published a compendium of Martin Luther's writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On November 10, 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Büttner (ed), Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666-667.

Anti-capitalism Nazi thinking had an anticapitalist (and especially anti-finance capitalist) direction.Francis R. Nicosia. Business and Industry in Nazi Germany, Berghan Books, p. 43 The "National Socialist Program" of the Nazi Party from 1920 listed several economic demands. Included in these demands were, "that the State shall make it its primary duty to provide a livelihood for its citizens," "the abolition of all incomes unearned by work," the ruthless confiscation of all war profits," "the nationalization of all businesses which have been formed into corporations," "profit-sharing in large enterprises," "extensive development of insurance for old-age," "land reform suitable to our national requirements," and to achieve this and other aims, "the creation of a strong central state power for the Reich."Lee, Stephen J. (1996), Weimar and Nazi Germany, Harcourt Heinemann, page 28 Nevertheless, the degree to which the Nazis supported this programme in later years has been questioned. Several attempts were made in the 1920s to change some of the program or replace it entirely. For instance, in 1924, Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point program that kept some of the old planks, replaced others and added many completely new ones.Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", Oxford University Press, 1985. p.62 Hitler refused to allow any discussion of the party programme after 1925, ostensibly on the grounds that no discussion was necessary because the programme was "inviolable" and did not need any changes. Hitler did not mention any of the planks of the programme in his book, Mein Kampf, and only talked about it in passing as "the so-called programme of the movement".Henry A. Turner, "German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler", Oxford University Press, 1985. p.77

Party spokesman Joseph Goebbels insisted in 1932 that the NSDAP was a "workers' party" and "on the side of labor and against finance".Joseph Goebbels and Mjölnir, Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler. Etwas zum Nachdenken (Munich: Verlag Frz. Eher, 1932) Hitler said of the Nazis: "We are socialists, we are enemies of today's capitalistic economic system for the exploitation of the economically weak, with its unfair salaries, with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance";Hitler's speech on May 1, 1927. Cited in Toland, J. (1976) Adolf Hitler Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday Speech. May 1, 1927. p. 306 however, he was clear to point out that Nazism "has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism," saying that "Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not."Francis Ludwig Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (University of California Press, 1982), 137. Hitler quote from Sunday Express. He further said that "I absolutely insist on protecting private property... we must encourage private initiative".A private statement made by Hitler on March 24, 1942. Cited in "Hitler's Secret Conversations", trans.Norman Cameron and R.H. Stevens (Farrar, Straus and Young, Inc. 1953), 294. Nevertheless, he wanted property to be regulated to make sure "benefit to the community precedes benefit to the individual".Richard Allen Epstein, Principles for a Free Society: Reconciling Individual Liberty With the Common Good, (De Capo Press 2002), 168. Attacks were made on what Hitler called "pluto-democracy," which was claimed to be a conspiracy by Jews to favor democratic parties in order to keep capitalism intact.Frank Bealey & others. Elements of Political Science (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 202

Other roots The ideological roots that became German National Socialism were based on numerous sources in European history, drawing especially from Romanticism nineteenth century idealism, and from a biological reading of Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on "breeding upwards" toward the goal of an Übermensch (Superhuman). Hitler was an avid reader and received ideas that later influenced Nazism from traceable publications, such as those of the Germanenorden or the Thule society. He also adopted many populist ideas such as limiting profits, abolishing rents and generously increasing social benefits—but only for Germans.

Inferiority complex The Nordic Myth has often been attributed to the reaction to an inferiority complex. Phillip Wayne Powell, in is book, Tree of Hate (1985), claimed that the Nordic Myth began to arise in fifteenth century Germany, when Germans resented the fact that Italians looked down on them as an inferior and unsophisticated people. On page 48, he states:

"In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, a powerful surge of German patriotism was stimulated by the disdain of Italians for German cultural inferiority and barbarism, which lead to a counterattempt by German humanists to laud German qualities."

Fodor, M. W. claimed in "The Nation" (1936):"No race has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the Germany. National Socialism was a kind of Coué method of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority".

Variants Nazism as a doctrine is far from wiktionary:Homogeneous and can indeed be divided into various sub-ideologies. During the 1920s and 1930s, there were two dominant NSDAP factions. There were the followers of Otto Strasser, the so-called Strasserites and the followers of Adolf Hitler or what could be termed Hitlerites. The Strasserism faction eventually fell afoul of Hitler, when Otto Strasser was expelled from the party in 1930, and his attempt to create an oppositional 'left-block' in the form of the Black Front failed. The remainder of the faction, which was to be found mainly in the ranks of the SA, was purged in the Night of the Long Knives, which also saw the murder of Gregor Strasser, Otto's brother. Afterwards, the Hitlerite faction became dominant. In the post war era, Strasserism has enjoyed something of a revival with many neo-Nazi groups openly proclaiming themselves to be 'Strasserite'. Whether they genuinely eschew Hitlerism in favour of Strasserism, or whether they simply think that by distancing Nazism from Hitler they can somehow make the ideology more acceptable is a matter of debate.

Hitler's theories were not only attractive to Germans: people in positions of wealth and power in other nations are said to have seen them as beneficial. Examples are Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and Eugene Schueller, founder of L'Oréal. Nevertheless, the support for these theories was highest among the general population of Germany.

Key elements of the Nazi ideology Other new elements

Romanticism According to Bertrand Russell, Nazism would come from a different tradition than that of either Liberalism or Marxism. Thus, to understand values of Nazism, it would be necessary to explore this connection, without trivializing the movement as it was in its peak years in the 1930s and dismissing it as little more than racism.

Antisemitism was shown to be a handy tool for Nazis to gain support, mainly because of the popular Houston Stewart Chamberlain.Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism,, Madison:UP Wisconsin, 1995, p.14f. Personal accounts by August Kubizek, Hitler's childhood friend, have varied, offering ambiguous claims that antisemitism did and did not date back to Hitler's youth.Peter Levenda, Unholy Alliance: A History of the Nazi Involvement With the Occult, 2002 2nd edition ISBN 0-8264-1409-5 One reason is the higher Jewish community in Austria and Germany because Germany had been a haven for many Jews over the years, including influential families such as the Rothschilds, although World War I and the Dolchstosslegende ended that legacy. Anti-Judaism had already been widely transformed into antisemitism before 1914 because of the new Europe-wide post-Darwin theory of racism. Historians universally accept that Nazism's mass acceptance depended upon nationalistic appeals and fear against "unnormal people" (which also could include xenophobia and antisemitism) and a patriotic flattery toward the wounded collective pride of defeated World War I veterans. Early support for the Nazis, displayed in various parades, came from the old conservative order that was the military.

Many see strong connections to the values of Nazism and the anti-rationalist tradition of the romantic movement of the early nineteenth century in response to the Age of Enlightenment. Strength, passion, frank declarations of feelings, and deep devotion to family and community were valued by the Nazis though first expressed by many Romantic artists, musicians, and writers. German romanticism in particular expressed these values. For instance, Hitler identified closely with the music of Richard Wagner, who harbored antisemitic views as the author of Das Judenthum in der Musik. Some claim that he was one of Hitler's role models, a comment of Kubizek's that is also disputed.

The idealization of tradition, folklore, classical thought, leadership (as exemplified by Frederick the Great), their rejection of the liberalism of the Weimar Republic, and calling the German state the "Third Reich" (which traces back to the medieval First Reich and the pre-Weimar Second Reich) has led many to regard the Nazis as reactionary.

Mysticism emblemNazi occultism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism that denotes the combination of Nazism with Germanic mysticism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. The esoteric Thule Society and Germanenorden were secret societies that, while only a small part of the völkisch movement, led into the Nazi party.

Dietrich Eckart, a member of Thule Society, actually coached Hitler on his public speaking skills, and while Hitler has not been shown to have been a member of Thule, he received support from the group. Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to Eckart.

Himmler showed a strong interest in such matters, although as Steigmann–Gall points out, Hitler and many of his key associates attended Christian services.

Ideological competition Nazism and communism emerged as two serious contenders for power in Germany after the First World War, particularly as the Weimar Republic became increasingly unstable. What became the Nazi movement arose out of resistance to the Bolshevik-inspired insurgencies that occurred in Germany in the aftermath of the First World War. The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused a great deal of excitement and interest in the Leninist version of Marxism and caused many socialists to adopt revolutionary principles. The Spartacist uprising in Berlin and the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919 were both manifestations of this. The Freikorps, a loosely organized paramilitary group (essentially a militia of former World War I soldiers) was used to crush both these uprisings and many leaders of the Freikorps, including Ernst Röhm, later became leaders in the Nazi Party. After Mussolini's fascists took power in Italy in 1922, fascism presented itself as a realistic option for opposing communism, particularly given Mussolini's success in crushing the communist and anarchist movements that had destabilized Italy with a wave of strikes and factory occupations after the First World War. Fascist parties formed in numerous European countries.

Many historians, such as Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest, argue that Hitler's Nazis were one of numerous nationalist and increasingly fascistic groups that existed in Germany and contended for leadership of the anti-communist movement and, eventually, of the German state. Further, they assert that fascism and its German variant, National Socialism, became the successful challengers to communism because they were able to both appeal to the establishment as a bulwark against Bolshevism and appeal to the working class base, particularly the growing underclass of unemployed and unemployable and growingly impoverished middle class elements who were becoming declassed (denounced as the lumpenproletariat). The Nazis' use of pro-labor rhetoric appealed to those disaffected with capitalism by promoting the limiting of profits, the abolishing of rents and the increasing of social benefits (only for Germans) while simultaneously presenting a political and economic model that divested "Soviet socialism" of elements that were dangerous to capitalism, such as the concept of class struggle, "the dictatorship of the proletariat" or worker control of the means of production. Thus, Nazism's populism, anti-communism and anti-capitalism helped it become more powerful and popular than traditional Conservatism parties, like the DNVP. For the above reasons, particularly the fact that Nazis and communists fought each other (often violently) during most of their existence, nazism and communism are commonly seen as opposite extremes on the political spectrum. Nevertheless, this view is not without its challengers. Several political theorists and economists, primarily those associated with the Austrian school, argue that nazism, Soviet communism and other totalitarian ideologies share a common underpinning in socialism and collectivism.

The simplicity of Nazi rhetoric, campaigns, and ideology also made its conservative allies underestimate its strength, and its ability to govern or even to last as a political party. Michael Mann defined fascism as a "transcendent and cleansing nation statism through paramilitarism", with "transcendent" meaning that the all classes were to be abolished in order for a new, organic and pure people: all classes are abolished by transition, all "others" (an estimated two-thirds of the German population aloneHannah Arendt, Elemente der Ursprünge totalitärer Herrschaft = The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York 1952, Bern 1955).Michael Mann, Fascists, CUP 2004, p.13.

Support of anti-Communists for Fascism and Nazism Various far right-wing politicians and political parties in Europe welcomed the rise of fascism and the Nazis out of an intense aversion towards communism. According to them, Hitler was the savior of Western civilization and of capitalism against bolshevism. During the later 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis were supported by the Falange movement in Spain, and by political and military figures who would form the government of Vichy France. A Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (LVF) and other anti-Soviet fighting formations formed.

Post-1933 development The British Conservative party and the right-wing parties in France appeasement the Nazi regime in the mid- and late-1930s, even though they had begun to criticise its totalitarianism and in Britain especially, Nazi Germany's policies towards the Jews; however, Britain (from 1931 onwards under an overwhelmingly Conservative government) had appeased pre-Nazi Germany. Important reasons behind this appeasement included, first, the erroneous assumption that Hitler had no desire to precipitate another world war, and second, when the rebirth of the German military could no longer be ignored, a well-founded concern that neither Britain nor France was yet ready to fight an all-out war against Germany.

In 1936, Nazi Germany and Japan entered into the Anti-Comintern Pact, aimed directly at countering Soviet foreign policy. This alliance later became the basis for the Tripartite Pact with Italy, the fou

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